Prosthetic valve and delivery tool therefor

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for use at a native valve of a heart of a subject comprises a tubular frame (30) circumscribing a longitudinal axis to define a lumen, a valve member (62) disposed within the lumen and coupled to the tubular frame, an outer frame (40), and a pin (50). The outer frame is composed of a shape-memory alloy. The tubular frame and the pin are composed of a material that is not the shape-memory alloy. The outer frame comprises a flange (42), defines an eyelet (44), and is disposed radially outward from the tubular frame. The pin defines a shaft (52) and a head (54), and couples the outer frame to the tubular frame. The head is disposed against the outer frame, radially outward from the eyelet, the shaft extends from the head through the eyelet to the tubular frame, and the shaft is welded to the tubular frame.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 16/768,909 to Hariton et al., filed Jun. 2, 2020, and entitled “PROSTHETIC VALVE AND DELIVERY TOOL THEREFOR,” which published as US 2021/0322167, and which is the US National Phase of PCT application IL2018/051350 to Hariton et al., filed Dec. 12, 2018, and entitled “PROSTHETIC VALVE AND DELIVERY TOOL THEREFOR,” which published as WO/2019/116369, and which claims priority from UK patent application GB 1720803.4, filed Dec. 13, 2017, and entitled “Prosthetic valve and delivery tool therefor.”

Each of the applications mentioned above is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Some applications of the present invention relate in general to percutaneous delivery of medical implants. More specifically, some applications of the present invention relate to prosthetic cardiac valves and techniques for implantation thereof.

BACKGROUND

Dilation of the annulus of a heart valve, such as that caused by ischemic heart disease, prevents the valve leaflets from fully coapting when the valve is closed. Regurgitation of blood from the ventricle into the atrium results in increased total stroke volume and decreased cardiac output, and ultimate weakening of the ventricle secondary to a volume overload and a pressure overload of the atrium.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An implant is provided having self-expanding portions, and non-self-expanding portions. The implant comprises a non-self-expanding tubular frame, which is balloon-expandable. The implant further comprises an outer frame, which comprises self-expanding flanges and a self-expanding upstream support portion. The self-expanding nature of the flanges and upstream support portion is provided by the outer frame being composed of a shape-memory alloy. The tubular frame is composed of a different material.

The outer frame is coupled to the tubular frame via pins that are composed of the same material as the tubular frame. One end of each pin is secured to the outer frame by a head of the pin. The other end of each pin is secured to the tubular frame by welding.

A delivery tool comprises a capsule that has two capsule-portions, one to constrain the flanges, and one to constrain the upstream support portion. The delivery tool further comprises a balloon, disposed within the tubular frame. At the implantation site, the flanges and upstream support portion are released from the capsule, and automatically deflect radially outwards. Subsequently, the balloon is inflated to radially expand the tubular frame.

The delivery tool further comprises projections, which are sufficiently rigid to axially push the tubular frame in order to press the flanges against tissue at the implantation site, but which are sufficiently flexible to not inhibit inflation of the balloon.

There is therefore provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus for use at a native valve of a heart of a subject, the apparatus including:

a delivery tool, including:

-   -   a shaft, having a shaft-axis;     -   a capsule, disposed at a distal portion of the tool, and         including an upstream capsule-portion and a downstream         capsule-portion, the capsule being openable by moving the         upstream capsule-portion and the downstream capsule-portion         apart; and     -   a balloon, coupled to the shaft, and disposed within the         capsule; and

a prosthetic valve, including:

-   -   a tubular frame, compressed around the balloon, and disposed         within the capsule;     -   one or more shape-memory flanges, constrained within the         downstream capsule-portion; and     -   a shape-memory upstream support portion, constrained within the         upstream capsule-portion,         and:

the flanges are configured to automatically deflect radially outward upon exposure from the downstream capsule-portion,

the upstream support portion is configured to automatically deflect radially outward upon exposure from the upstream capsule-portion,

the tubular frame is configured to remain compressed around the balloon upon exposure of the tubular frame from the capsule, and

while the tubular frame is exposed from the capsule, inflation of the balloon plastically expands the tubular frame radially.

In an application, the prosthetic valve further includes one or more prosthetic valve leaflets disposed within the lumen and coupled to the tubular frame.

In an application, the tubular frame is disposed within the downstream capsule-portion of the capsule.

In an application, the tubular frame is composed of a material that is not a shape-memory alloy.

In an application, the tubular frame is composed of steel.

In an application, the tubular frame is composed of cobalt chrome.

In an application, the flanges are composed of a shape-memory alloy.

In an application, the flanges are composed of nickel titanium.

In an application, the balloon is fixed to the shaft.

In an application, both the upstream capsule-portion and the downstream capsule-portion are axially movable with respect to the shaft.

In an application:

a first capsule-portion selected from the group consisting of: the upstream capsule-portion and the downstream capsule-portion is attached to a tube, and is axially movable with respect to the shaft by the tube being slid over the shaft, and

a second capsule-portion selected from the group is attached to a rod, and is axially movable with respect to the shaft by the rod being slid though the shaft.

In an application, the upstream capsule-portion is retractable from over the upstream support portion by being moved away from the balloon, and the downstream capsule-portion is retractable from over the flanges by being moved away from the balloon.

In an application, the delivery tool further includes one or more elongate projections disposed within the downstream capsule-portion, each of the projections having (i) a tip-portion, and (ii) a base-portion, disposed deeper than the tip-portion into the downstream capsule-portion, the projections arranged circumferentially around the shaft-axis such that the tip-portions are arranged circumferentially around a downstream balloon-portion of the balloon, with the tip-portion of each projection being closer than its corresponding base-portion to the tubular frame.

In an application, each of the projections is sufficiently stiff that, when pushed against the tubular frame, it is capable of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 0.5 N.

In an application, each of the projections is sufficiently stiff that, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 3 N.

In an application, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 3 N and no more than 100 N.

In an application, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 3 N and no more than 30 N.

In an application, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 6 N and no more than 30 N.

In an application, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 40 N and no more than 100 N.

In an application, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 40 N and no more than 80 N.

In an application, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 60 N and no more than 100 N.

In an application, the tubular frame is disposed within the downstream capsule-portion of the capsule, and the downstream capsule-portion is retractable from over the tubular frame and at least the tip-portions, exposing, from the downstream capsule-portion, the tubular frame and at least the tip-portions.

In an application, while the tubular frame and the tip-portions are exposed from the downstream capsule-portion, inflation of the balloon (i) radially expands the tubular frame, and (ii) deflects each of the projections radially outward within a respective radial plane on which the shaft-axis and the projection lie.

In an application, while the tubular frame and the tip-portions are exposed from the downstream capsule-portion, inflation of the balloon uniformly fills the lumen of the tubular frame.

In an application, a widest part of the balloon is disposed within the lumen.

In an application, each projection has a radial stiffness in its radial plane, and has a lateral stiffness in a respective lateral plane, the lateral stiffness being greater than the radial stiffness.

In an application:

the balloon has an upstream balloon-portion, a downstream balloon-portion, and a body balloon-portion therebetween,

the tubular frame is compressed around the body balloon-portion, and

while the tubular frame and the tip-portions are exposed from the downstream capsule-portion, inflation of the balloon (i) radially expands the tubular frame by pressing the body balloon-portion radially outward against the tubular frame, and (ii) deflects the projections radially outward by pressing the downstream balloon-portion radially outward against the projections.

In an application, the downstream balloon-portion of the balloon extends away from the tubular frame, and is tapered.

In an application, the upstream balloon-portion of the balloon extends away from the tubular frame, and is tapered.

In an application, the tip-portion of each of the projections abuts the tubular frame, and the apparatus is configured such that the tip-portion of each of the projections remains in contact with the tubular frame as the balloon is inflated.

In an application, a downstream end of the tubular frame defines a frame-circumference, the tip-portions define a projection-circumference, and while the tubular frame and the tip-portions are exposed from the downstream capsule-portion, inflation of the balloon increases the projection-circumference at the same rate as the balloon increases the frame-circumference.

In an application, the tip-portion of each of the projections abuts the tubular frame.

In an application, the projections are not attached to the tubular frame.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus for delivery of a prosthetic heart valve to an annulus of a native heart valve, the apparatus including:

a shaft, having a longitudinal shaft-axis;

an inflatable balloon, disposed at a distal end of the shaft; and

one or more projections extending distally from the shaft, such that the projections are arranged around a proximal portion of the balloon, and:

inflation of the balloon causes radial expansion of the balloon, the radial expansion of the balloon applying a radial force to each of the projections, and

each of the projections is sufficiently radially flexible that the radial force deflects the projections radially outward.

In an application, for each of the projections:

the projection defines:

-   -   a respective radial plane on which the shaft-axis and the         projection lie, and within which the projection deflects in         response to the radial force, and     -   a lateral plane, tangential to the circumference, and on which         the projection lies,

the projection has a radial stiffness, in its radial plane, and

the projection has a lateral stiffness, in its lateral plane, that is greater than the radial stiffness.

In an application, the apparatus further includes a tubular frame at the distal end of the shaft, the tubular frame defining a longitudinal lumen, and the balloon is disposed within the lumen.

In an application, each of the projections is sufficiently stiff that it is capable of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 0.5 N.

In an application, each of the projections is sufficiently stiff that the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 3 N.

In an application, the apparatus further includes one or more prosthetic valve leaflets disposed within the lumen and coupled to the tubular frame.

In an application, the balloon:

has a longitudinal balloon-axis, collinear with the longitudinal shaft-axis, the balloon-axis extending through the lumen,

has (i) a deflated state, and (ii) an inflated state in which the balloon has a widest part, and

is positioned with respect to the tubular frame such that the widest part is within the lumen.

In an application, the balloon, in its inflated state, uniformly fills the lumen.

In an application, in the inflated state of the balloon, the proximal portion of the balloon tapers proximally away from the tubular frame.

In an application, the balloon, in its inflated state, has a tapered distal portion that tapers distally away from the tubular frame.

In an application, the widest part of the balloon is disposed longitudinally between the proximal portion and the distal portion.

In an application, each of the projections has a tip-portion that abuts a proximal surface of the tubular frame.

In an application, the tip-portion of each of the projections is not attached to the tubular frame.

In an application, inflation of the balloon simultaneously increases (i) a radial distance between the tip-portion of one of the projections and the tip-portion of an opposite one of the projections, and (ii) a circumference of the tubular frame.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus for use in a heart of a subject, the apparatus including:

a tubular frame that circumscribes a longitudinal axis to define a lumen along the longitudinal axis;

a valve member, disposed within the lumen and coupled to the tubular frame;

an outer frame:

-   -   disposed radially outward from the tubular frame,     -   including a flange, and     -   defining an eyelet; and

a pin:

-   -   defining a shaft and a head, and     -   coupling the outer frame to the tubular frame,         and:

the outer frame is composed of a shape-memory alloy,

the tubular frame and the pin are composed of a material that is not the shape-memory alloy,

the head is disposed against the outer frame, radially outward from the eyelet,

the shaft extends from the head through the eyelet to the tubular frame, and

the shaft is welded to the tubular frame.

In an application, the outer frame further includes an upstream support portion, shape-set to extend radially outward from the tubular frame.

In an application, the flange is shape-set to extend radially outward from the tubular frame.

In an application, the outer frame further includes an upstream support portion, upstream support portion is shape-set to extend radially outward from the tubular frame, and the flange is shape-set to extend radially outward from the tubular frame and toward the upstream support portion.

In an application:

the flange has a root-portion and a tip, and extends away from the tubular frame from the root-portion to the tip,

the eyelet is defined at the root-portion of the flange, and

the head is disposed against the root-portion of the flange, radially outward from the eyelet.

In an application, the eyelet is an outer eyelet, and the tubular frame defines an inner eyelet, the shaft extending through the inner eyelet.

In an application, the shape-memory alloy is nickel titanium.

In an application, the material is not a shape-memory material.

In an application, the material is steel.

In an application, the material is cobalt chrome.

In an application, the flange is one of a plurality of flanges, and the outer frame includes the plurality of flanges, and circumscribes the tubular frame.

In an application, the eyelet is one of a plurality of eyelets, and the outer frame defines the plurality of eyelets.

In an application, the flanges of the plurality of flanges are equal in number to the eyelets of the plurality of eyelets.

In an application, the eyelet is one of a plurality of eyelets, and the root-portion of each flange of the plurality of flanges defines a respective eyelet of the plurality of eyelets.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, a method for constructing a prosthetic heart valve, the method including:

from a tube of a shape-memory alloy, cutting an outer frame that includes a flange and defines an eyelet;

from a tube of a material that is not the shape-memory alloy, cutting a tubular frame that circumscribes a longitudinally axis to define a lumen along the longitudinal axis;

positioning the outer frame against the tubular frame, radially-outward from the tubular frame;

passing a shaft of a pin through the eyelet such that (i) the shaft of the eyelet extends to the tubular frame, and (ii) a head of the pin is disposed against the outer frame radially outward from the eyelet, the pin being composed of the material;

welding the shaft to the tubular frame;

lining at least part of the lumen with a lining; and

securing a plurality of prosthetic leaflets within the lumen.

In an application, the method further includes shape-setting the flange to extend radially outward.

In an application:

cutting the outer frame includes cutting the outer frame such that the flange has a root-portion and a tip, and defines the eyelet at the root-portion, and

passing the shaft of the pin through the eyelet such that the head of the pin is disposed against the outer frame radially outward from the eyelet, includes passing the shaft of the pin through the eyelet such that the head of the pin is disposed against the root-portion of the flange, radially outward from the eyelet.

In an application:

the eyelet is an outer eyelet, and cutting the tubular frame includes cutting the tubular frame such that the tubular frame defines an inner eyelet, and

the step of passing the shaft includes passing the shaft through the outer eyelet and through the inner eyelet, and

welding the shaft to the tubular frame includes welding the shaft to the tubular frame at the inner eyelet.

In an application, the shape-memory alloy is nickel titanium, and cutting the outer frame from the tube of the shape-memory alloy includes cutting the outer frame from a tube of nickel titanium.

In an application, the material is not a shape-memory material, and cutting the tubular frame includes cutting the tubular frame from the material that is not a shape-memory material.

In an application, the material is steel, and cutting the tubular frame from the tube of the material includes cutting the tubular frame from a tube of steel.

In an application, the material is cobalt chrome, and cutting the tubular frame from the tube of the material includes cutting the tubular frame from a tube of cobalt chrome.

In an application, cutting the outer frame includes cutting the outer frame that further includes an upstream support portion.

In an application, the method further includes shape-setting the upstream support portion to extend radially outward.

In an application:

the flange is one of a plurality of flanges,

cutting the outer frame includes cutting the outer frame such that the outer frame defines the plurality of flanges, and

positioning the outer frame includes positioning the outer frame such that the outer frame circumscribes the tubular frame.

In an application, the eyelet is one of a plurality of eyelets, and cutting the outer frame includes cutting the outer frame such that the outer frame defines the plurality of eyelets.

In an application, cutting the outer frame includes cutting the outer frame such that the outer frame has an equal number of flanges and eyelets.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, a method for use at a native valve of a heart of a subject, the method including:

advancing, to the heart, an implant that includes a tubular frame, the tubular frame disposed on a distal portion of a tool, the distal portion of the tool including:

-   -   a distal end of a shaft,     -   an inflatable balloon, having a body portion that is disposed         within the tubular frame,     -   one or more projections extending, from the shaft, distally over         at least a proximal portion of the balloon toward the tubular         frame, the proximal portion of the balloon being proximal from         the body balloon-portion of the balloon;

pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame to apply a distal pushing force to the tubular frame; and

while maintaining contact between the projections and the tubular frame, inflating the balloon such that:

-   -   radial expansion of the body balloon-portion radially expands         the tubular frame, and     -   radial expansion of the proximal portion deflects the         projections radially outward.

In an application, pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 3 N to the tubular frame.

In an application, pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 3 N and no more than 100 N.

In an application, pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 3 N and no more than 30 N.

In an application, pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 6 N and no more than 30 N.

In an application, pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 40 N and no more than 100 N.

In an application, pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 40 N and no more than 80 N.

In an application, pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 60 N and no more than 100 N.

In an application:

the implant includes one or more self-expanding flanges,

the tool distal portion of the tool includes a capsule;

advancing the implant includes advancing the tubular frame while at least the flanges are disposed within, and constrained by, the capsule,

the method further includes, prior to pushing the projections distally, allowing the flanges to self-expand by exposing the flanges from the capsule, and

the step of pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame includes pushing the implant distally such that the flanges press against tissue of the native valve.

In an application, advancing the implant includes advancing the implant while the projections are disposed within the capsule, and exposing the flanges from the capsule includes retracting the capsule proximally with respect to the implant such that the flanges and the projections become exposed from the capsule.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, a method for use at a native valve of a heart of a subject, the method including:

advancing, to the heart:

-   -   a distal portion of a delivery tool, the delivery tool         including:         -   a shaft that extends to the distal portion of the delivery             tool,         -   a capsule disposed at the distal portion of the delivery             tool, and including an upstream capsule-portion and a             downstream capsule-portion, and         -   a balloon, coupled to the shaft, and disposed at least             partly within the capsule, and     -   an implant disposed within the capsule, and including a tubular         frame and one or more shape-memory flanges, the tubular frame         compressed around the balloon, and the flanges constrained         within the downstream capsule-portion;

exposing the flanges from the downstream capsule-portion such that the flanges automatically deflect radially outward;

subsequently, pressing the flanges against a downstream surface of the native valve by moving the implant in an upstream direction; and

while the flanges are in contact with the downstream surface, plastically expanding the tubular frame radially by inflating the balloon.

In an application, plastically expanding the tubular frame includes plastically expanding the tubular frame by radially by inflating the balloon while continuing to press the flanges against the downstream surface.

In an application, exposing the flanges from the downstream capsule-portion includes moving the downstream capsule-portion away from the upstream capsule-portion.

In an application, advancing the implant includes advancing the implant while the tubular frame is disposed within the downstream capsule-portion, and the method further includes exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion.

In an application, exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion includes exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion prior to the step of pressing the flanges.

In an application, exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion includes exposing the tubular frame entirely from the downstream capsule-portion without causing the tubular frame to expand.

In an application, the implant further includes a shape-memory upstream support portion, constrained within the upstream capsule-portion, and the method further includes, prior to expanding the tubular frame, exposing the upstream support portion from the upstream capsule-portion such that the upstream support portion automatically deflects radially outward.

In an application, moving the implant in the upstream direction includes moving the implant such that the upstream support portion, constrained within the upstream capsule portion, is disposed upstream of the native valve, and exposing the upstream support portion includes exposing the upstream support portion such that the upstream support portion automatically deflects radially outwards and contacts an upstream surface of the native valve.

In an application:

the implant is compressed around a body balloon-portion of the balloon,

the tool further includes one or more projections, each of the projections having a base-portion and a tip-portion,

the projections extend, from the shaft, over at least a downstream balloon-portion of the balloon toward the tubular frame, such that the tip-portion of each of the projections is closer than its corresponding base-portion to the tubular frame, and

pressing the flanges against the downstream surface by moving the implant in the upstream direction includes pushing the implant in the upstream direction by pushing the tip-portions against the tubular frame.

In an application, expanding the tubular frame includes inflating the balloon such that (i) the body balloon-portion radially expands the tubular frame by pressing radially outward against the tubular frame, and (ii) the downstream balloon-portion deflects the projections radially outward by pressing radially outward against the projections.

In an application, advancing the distal portion of the delivery tool includes advancing the distal portion of the delivery tool while the projections are disposed within the downstream capsule-portion, and the method further includes, prior to radially expanding the tubular frame, exposing at least the tips of the projections from the downstream capsule-portion.

In an application, exposing at least the tips of the projections from the downstream capsule-portion includes exposing at least the tips of the projections from the downstream capsule-portion prior to pressing the flanges against the downstream surface of the native valve.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, a method for use at a native valve of a heart of a subject, the method including:

advancing, to the heart:

-   -   a distal portion of a delivery tool, the delivery tool         including:         -   a shaft that extends to the distal portion of the delivery             tool,         -   a capsule disposed at the distal portion of the delivery             tool, and         -   a balloon, coupled to the shaft, and     -   an implant disposed within the capsule, and including a tubular         frame and an array of shape-memory flanges arranged around an         outside of the tubular frame, the tubular frame compressed         around the balloon, and the flanges constrained within the         capsule;

subsequently, exposing the flanges from the capsule such that the flanges automatically deflect radially outward away from the tubular frame, and such that the array defines an inter-flange distance;

subsequently, by partially inflating the balloon to a partially-inflated state:

-   -   (i) partially radially expanding the tubular frame, and (ii)         partially increasing the inter-flange distance;

while the balloon remains in the partially-inflated state, pressing the flanges against a downstream surface of the native valve by moving the implant in an upstream direction; and

subsequently, by further inflating the balloon to a further-inflated state, further radially expanding the tubular frame.

In an application, inflating the balloon to a further-inflated state further includes increasing the inter-flange distance.

In an application:

exposing the flanges includes exposing the flanges while the flanges are positioned upstream of the native valve; and

the method further includes, prior to pressing the flanges against the downstream surface of the native valve, moving the exposed flanges to be downstream of the native valve.

In an application, partially inflating the balloon includes partially inflating the balloon while the flanges are positioned upstream of the native valve.

In an application, inflating the balloon to the further-inflated state includes inflating the balloon to the further-inflated state while continuing to press the flanges against the downstream surface.

In an application, exposing the flanges from the capsule includes moving a downstream capsule-portion of the capsule away from an upstream capsule-portion of the capsule.

In an application, advancing the implant includes advancing the implant while the tubular frame is disposed within the downstream capsule-portion, and the method further includes exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion.

In an application, exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion includes exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion prior to pressing the flanges against the downstream surface of the native valve.

In an application, exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion includes exposing the tubular frame entirely from the downstream capsule-portion without causing the tubular frame to expand.

In an application, the implant further includes a shape-memory upstream support portion, constrained within the capsule, and the method further includes, subsequent to pressing the flanges against a downstream surface of the native valve, exposing the upstream support portion from the capsule such that the upstream support portion automatically deflects radially outward.

In an application, exposing the upstream support portion includes exposing the upstream support portion such that the upstream support portion contacts an upstream surface of the native valve.

In an application:

advancing the implant disposed within the capsule, the tubular frame compressed around the balloon, includes advancing the implant disposed within the capsule, the tubular frame compressed around a body balloon-portion of the balloon;

the distal portion of the delivery tool includes one or more projections, each of the projections having a base-portion and a tip-portion;

advancing the distal portion of the delivery tool includes advancing the distal portion of the delivery tool while the one or more projections extend, from the shaft, over at least a downstream balloon-portion of the balloon toward the tubular frame, such that the tip-portion of each of the projections is closer than its corresponding base-portion to the tubular frame; and

pressing the flanges against the downstream surface by moving the implant in the upstream direction includes pushing the implant in the upstream direction by pushing the tip-portions against the tubular frame.

In an application, inflating the balloon includes inflating the balloon such that (i) the body balloon-portion radially expands the tubular frame by pressing radially outward against the tubular frame, and (ii) the downstream balloon-portion deflects the projections radially outward by pressing radially outward against the projections.

In an application, advancing the distal portion of the delivery tool includes advancing the distal portion of the delivery tool while the projections are disposed within the capsule, and the method further includes, prior to partially radially expanding the tubular frame, exposing at least the tip-portions of the projections from the capsule.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, an apparatus for delivery of a prosthetic heart valve to an annulus of a native heart valve, the apparatus including:

a shaft, having a longitudinal shaft-axis;

a capsule, disposed at a distal portion of the shaft;

a balloon, coupled to the shaft, and disposed within the capsule;

one or more projections extending distally from the shaft, such that the projections are arranged around a proximal portion of the balloon; and

a prosthetic valve, including a tubular frame, compressed around the balloon, and disposed within the capsule;

and:

the tubular frame is configured to remain compressed around the balloon upon exposure of the tubular frame from the capsule, such that:

-   -   inflation of the balloon to a partially-inflated state partially         radially expands the tubular frame, and     -   inflation of the balloon to a further-inflated state further         radially expands the tubular frame;

inflation of the balloon applies a radial force to each of the projections; and

each of the projections is:

-   -   sufficiently radially flexible that the radial force deflects         the projections radially outward,     -   sufficiently rigid to axially push the tubular frame while:         -   the balloon is in the partially-inflated state within the             tubular frame, and         -   the projections are radially outwardly deflected by the             balloon in the partially-inflated state.

The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of applications thereof, taken together with the drawings, in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-I are schematic illustrations of an implant, in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIGS. 2A-D are schematic illustration of a tool, in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIGS. 3A-H are schematic illustrations showing the tool being used to deliver the implant to a native valve of a heart of a subject, in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIGS. 4A-B, 5A-B, and 6A-B, are schematic illustrations of implant-delivery tools, in accordance with some applications of the invention; and

FIGS. 7A-H and 8A-C are schematic illustrations of additional embodiments of implant-delivery tools, in accordance with some applications of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Reference is made to FIGS. 1A-I, which are schematic illustrations of an implant 20, in accordance with some applications of the invention.

Implant 20 comprises a tubular frame 30 that circumscribes a longitudinal axis ax1 to define a lumen 32 along axis ax1. Implant 20 typically further comprises at least one valve member (e.g., prosthetic leaflet 62) (FIG. 1I), disposed within lumen 32, and coupled to frame 30. Therefore implant 20 typically comprises or serves as a prosthetic valve 22.

Implant 20 further comprises an outer frame 40 and one or more pins 50. Outer frame 40 is disposed radially outward from tubular frame 30, comprises one or more flanges 42, and defines one or more eyelets, e.g., outer eyelets 44. Typically, frame 40 comprises a plurality of flanges (e.g., 3-18, such as 6-12, such as 8-12 flanges). Typically, frame 40 defines a plurality of eyelets 44 (e.g., 3-18, such as 6-12, such as 8-12 eyelets). For some applications, the number of eyelets 44 is equal to the number of flanges. Further typically, the number of pins 50 is equal to the number of eyelets 44. In the embodiment shown, there are 12 eyelets, 12 flanges, and 12 pins.

Typically, and as shown, frame 40 circumscribes tubular frame 30. For example, frame 40 may comprise at least one ring 46 that circumscribes tubular frame 30, and to which flanges 42 are coupled. Ring 46 typically defines alternating peaks and troughs, e.g., being zigzag or wavy in shape.

Typically, tubular frame 30 also defines one or more eyelets, e.g., inner eyelets 34. Typically, frame 30 defines a plurality of eyelets 34 (e.g., 3-18, such as 6-12, such as 8-12 eyelets). Typically, the number of eyelets 34 is equal to the number of eyelets 44.

Outer frame 40 is composed of a shape-memory alloy such as nickel titanium (e.g., Nitinol), whereas tubular frame 30 and pins 50 are composed of a material that is not the shape-memory alloy. That is, frame 30 and pins 50 are both composed of the same material, and that material is not the shape-memory alloy of which frame 40 is composed. Typically, the material of which frame 30 and pins 50 are composed is not a shape-memory material of any kind. For example, frame 30 and pins 50 may be composed of steel (e.g., stainless steel, such as 316LVM) or a cobalt chrome alloy (e.g., MP35N or L605). It is to be noted that throughout this patent application (including the specification and the claims) the term “composed of” x means that x is the primary substance from which an element is made, such that x confers its properties on the element that is made of x.

Pins 50 couple outer frame 40 to tubular frame 30. Each pin 50 defines a shaft 52 and a head 54. Shaft 52 is passed radially-inwardly through an eyelet 44 to tubular frame 30, such that head 54 is disposed against outer frame 40, radially outward from the eyelet 44. Shaft 52 is welded to tubular frame 30. Typically, shaft 52 is also passed radially inwardly through a respective eyelet 34, and is welded to tubular frame 30 at eyelet 34. Because pin 50 and frame 30 are both composed of the same material, they may be welded together. In contrast, frame 40 is composed of a different material than pin 50, and coupling therebetween is provided by head 54, which is larger than eyelet 44.

Typically, each flange 42 has a root-portion 41 and a tip 43, and extends away from the tubular frame from the root-portion to the tip. Each outer eyelet 44 is typically defined at (e.g., by) the root-portion 41 of a respective flange 42, e.g., such that the head 54 of the respective pin 50 is disposed against the root-portion of the flange, radially outward from the eyelet.

There is therefore provided, in accordance with some applications of the invention, apparatus for use in a heart of a subject, the apparatus comprising:

-   -   a tubular frame that circumscribes a longitudinal axis to define         a lumen along the longitudinal axis;     -   a valve member, disposed within the lumen and coupled to the         tubular frame;     -   an outer frame:         -   disposed radially outward from the tubular frame,         -   comprising a flange, and         -   defining an eyelet; and     -   a pin:         -   defining a shaft and a head, and         -   coupling the outer frame to the tubular frame,

wherein:

-   -   the outer frame is composed of a shape-memory alloy,     -   the tubular frame and the pin are composed of a material that is         not the shape-memory alloy,     -   the head is disposed against the outer frame, radially outward         from the eyelet,     -   the shaft extends from the head through the eyelet to the         tubular frame, and     -   the shaft is welded to the tubular frame.

Typically, frame 40 is cut from a tube of the shape-memory alloy. Typically, frame 30 is cut (e.g., laser cut) from a tube of the other material. In order to facilitate implant 20 serving as a prosthetic heart valve, lumen 32 is typically lined with a lining 60 (e.g., comprising a fabric), and a plurality of prosthetic leaflets 62 (e.g., comprising bovine pericardium) are secured within the lumen, e.g., by suturing the leaflets to lining 36 and/or to frame 30. For the sake of clarity, lining 60, leaflets 62, and other fabric elements are omitted in FIGS. 1A-H.

There is therefore further provided, in accordance with some applications of the invention, a method for constructing implant 20 (e.g., a prosthetic heart valve), the method comprising:

-   -   from a tube of a shape-memory alloy, cutting an outer frame that         comprises a flange and defines an eyelet;     -   from a tube of a material that is not the shape-memory alloy,         cutting a tubular frame that circumscribes a longitudinally axis         to define a lumen along the longitudinal axis;     -   positioning the outer frame against the tubular frame,         radially-outward from the tubular frame;     -   passing a shaft of a pin through the eyelet such that (i) the         shaft of the eyelet extends to the tubular frame, and (ii) a         head of the pin is disposed against the outer frame radially         outward from the eyelet, the pin being composed of the material;     -   welding the shaft to the tubular frame;     -   lining at least part of the lumen with a lining; and     -   securing a plurality of prosthetic leaflets within the lumen.

Typically, and as shown, implant 20 further comprises an upstream support portion 48, e.g., comprising a plurality of radial arms 49 optionally covered in an annular sheet. Further typically, it is outer frame 40 that defines upstream support portion 48, and therefore the upstream support portion is also composed of the shape-memory alloy. Flanges 42 extend radially outward from tubular frame 30, and toward upstream support portion 48. As discussed in more detail hereinbelow, flanges 42 are configured to engage a downstream surface of a native heart valve, and upstream support portion is configured (e.g., shaped and/or dimensioned) to be placed against an upstream surface of the native heart valve.

Frame 40 is shaped and memory-set such that, when unconstrained, upstream support portion 48 and flanges 42 extend radially outward from tubular frame 30. Typically, when unconstrained, flanges 42 are arranged in an array 56 around the outside of tubular frame 30, the array defining an inter-flange distance D58. Although inter-flange distance D58 is shown in FIG. 1G as a distance between opposing flanges 42, in some embodiments the inter-flange distance may refer to an alternative measurement (e.g., a distance between adjacent flanges 42). As discussed hereinbelow (e.g., with reference to FIGS. 3A-H), implant 20 is delivered while radially compressed (i.e., “crimped”), with upstream support portion 48 and flanges 42 constrained within a capsule. Because frame 40 is composed of the shape-memory alloy, upon being exposed from the capsule upstream support portion 48 and flanges 42 automatically deflect radially outward. In contrast, although tubular frame 30 is also radially compressed during delivery, it retains its radially-compressed state upon being exposed from the capsule, and is subsequently plastically-expanded, e.g., using a balloon. Typically, in the absence of frame 30, frame 40 (e.g., ring 46) would automatically radially expand upon being exposed from the capsule. However, because frame 40 is coupled to frame 30 (e.g., via pins 50), frame 30 inhibits frame 40 (e.g., ring 46 thereof) from radially expanding until frame 30 is plastically expanded. That is, despite the elasticity of frame 40, frame 30 is typically sufficiently rigid to inhibit frame 40 from automatically radially expanding upon exposure from the capsule. Similarly, the elasticity of frame 40 is typically insufficient to pull frame 30 into its radially expanded state (i.e., the state in which implant 20 functions as a prosthetic valve).

Reference is made to FIGS. 2A-D, which are schematic illustration of a tool 100, in accordance with some applications of the invention. For some applications, tool 100 is used to implant implant 20 at the native valve (e.g., as described with reference to FIGS. 3A-H).

Tool 100 comprises a shaft 106, a capsule 110, and a balloon 120, which is typically a non-compliant balloon. Shaft 106 has a central longitudinal shaft-axis ax2, which typically is the same as, or is collinear with, a central longitudinal axis of tool 100. Capsule 110 is disposed at a distal portion 104 of the tool (e.g., at a distal end of shaft 106), and comprises an upstream capsule-portion 112 and a downstream capsule-portion 114, and is openable by moving the upstream capsule-portion and the downstream capsule-portion apart. Balloon 120 is coupled to shaft 106, and is disposed within capsule 110 (e.g., downstream capsule-portion 114 thereof). As shown, tool 100 typically comprises a controller and/or handle 108 at a proximal portion 102 of the tool.

FIG. 2A shows tool 100 in a closed state, with capsule-portions 112 and 114 close to each other (e.g., in contact with each other). FIG. 2B shows tool 100 in an open state, after capsule 110 has been opened by retracting capsule-portion 114 away from capsule-portion 112. FIG. 2C shows a longitudinal cross-section of FIG. 2B. FIG. 2D shows the same longitudinal cross-section as FIG. 2C, but with balloon 120 inflated. For clarity, implant 20 is not shown in FIGS. 2A-D.

As described hereinabove, outer frame 40 of implant 20 is composed of a shape-memory alloy. Flanges 42 are shape-set to protrude radially outward. Upstream support portion 48 is (e.g., arms 49 thereof are) also shape-set to protrude radially outward. As described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 3A-H, flanges 42 and upstream support portion 48 are disposed within, and constrained radially inward by, capsule 110 during delivery. For example, flanges 42 may be constrained by downstream capsule-portion 114 (e.g., constrained within the downstream capsule-portion), and upstream support portion 48 may be constrained by upstream capsule-portion 112 (e.g., constrained within the upstream capsule-portion). For delivery of implant 20, tubular frame 30 is compressed around balloon 120, which will eventually be used to radially expand the tubular frame. Typically, during delivery tubular frame 30 is disposed within downstream capsule-portion 114. Therefore, in preparation for implantation of implant 20, an operator typically compresses (e.g., “crimps”) tubular frame 30 around balloon 120, radially compresses and at least partly encapsulates flanges 42 within downstream capsule-portion 114, and radially compresses and at least partly encapsulates upstream support portion 48 (e.g., arms 49 thereof) within upstream capsule-portion 112.

In the delivery state of the apparatus, balloon 120 is typically disposed within capsule 110, flanges 42 are typically constrained within downstream capsule-portion 114, and upstream support portion 48 is typically constrained within upstream capsule-portion 112. For some applications, the term “within” means “entirely within,” i.e., with no part of the balloon, flange, or upstream support portion disposed outside of the capsule or capsule-portion. For some applications, the term “within” means “at least partly within,” i.e., part of the balloon, flange, or upstream support portion may be disposed outside of the capsule or capsule-portion.

There is therefore provided, in accordance with some applications of the invention, apparatus comprising:

-   -   a delivery tool, comprising:         -   a shaft, having a shaft-axis;         -   a capsule, disposed at a distal portion of the tool, and             comprising an upstream capsule-portion and a downstream             capsule-portion, the capsule being openable by moving the             upstream capsule-portion and the downstream capsule-portion             apart; and         -   a balloon, coupled to the shaft, and disposed within the             capsule; and     -   a prosthetic valve, comprising:         -   a tubular frame, compressed around the balloon, and disposed             within the capsule;         -   one or more shape-memory flanges, constrained within the             downstream capsule-portion; and         -   a shape-memory upstream support portion, constrained within             the upstream capsule-portion,

wherein:

-   -   the flanges are configured to automatically deflect radially         outward upon exposure of the tubular frame from the downstream         capsule-portion,     -   the upstream support portion is configured to automatically         deflect radially outward upon exposure from the upstream         capsule-portion,     -   the tubular frame is configured to remain compressed around the         balloon upon exposure from the capsule, and     -   while the tubular frame is exposed from the capsule, inflation         of the balloon plastically expands the tubular frame radially.

Balloon 120 has an upstream (e.g., distal) balloon-portion 122, a downstream (e.g., proximal) balloon-portion 126, and a body (e.g., intermediary) balloon-portion 124 therebetween. Body balloon-portion 124 typically comprises the widest part of balloon 120. Typically, body balloon-portion 124 is disposed within lumen 32 of tubular frame 30. That is, for delivery, tubular frame 30 is typically compressed around body balloon-portion 25. As shown in FIG. 2D, when inflated, body balloon-portion 124 is typically cylindrical, and balloon-portions 122 and 126 typically taper away from the body balloon-portion and from tubular frame 30. For example, balloon-portions 126 and 126 may be conical or hemispherical.

Typically, balloon 120 is fixed to shaft 106, e.g., by at least one end of the balloon being attached to the shaft. For example, and as shown, balloon-portion 124 may be attached to shaft 106. Tool 100 defines an inflation channel 119 from proximal portion 102 to distal portion 104. For some applications, and as shown, tool 100 comprises a pipe 118 through which shaft 106 extends, and channel 119 is defined between the pipe and the channel. For such applications, balloon-portion 126 of balloon 120 is typically attached to pipe 118, placing balloon 120 in fluid communication with channel 119 such that the balloon is inflatable via the channel.

Typically, pipe 118 is fixed with respect to shaft 106. However, both upstream capsule-portion 112 and downstream capsule-portion 114 are typically axially movable with respect to shaft 106, such as by one of the capsule-portions being attached to a rod 116 that is slidable through the shaft, and the other one of the capsule-portions being attached to a tube (not shown) that is slidable over the shaft. For example, and as shown, capsule-portion 112 may be attached to rod 116, and capsule-portion 114 may be attached to the tube. Upstream capsule-portion 112 is retractable from over upstream support portion 48 by being moved away from balloon 120 (i.e., in an upstream direction), and downstream capsule-portion 114 is retractable from over flanges 42 by being moved away from the balloon (i.e., in a downstream direction).

Typically, tool 100 comprises one or more (typically a plurality of) elongate projections 130. Projections 130 are configured to apply an axial pushing force against implant 20 (e.g., tubular frame 30 thereof), in order to maintain the positioning of the implant during deployment. For example, and as described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 3A-H, after flanges 42 are exposed and allowed to expand, the flanges may be pushed and held against a downstream surface of the native valve (e.g., leaflets thereof), typically until balloon 120 is at least partly inflated. Typically, each of projections 130 is sufficiently stiff (e.g., axially stiff) that, when pushed against tubular frame 30, it is capable of applying an axial pushing force of at least 0.5 N, e.g., at least 5 N, such as at least 10 N—e.g., without the projection buckling. For example, each projection 130 may be capable of applying a pushing force of 0.5-50 N, e.g., 0.5-20 N (e.g., 0.5-15 N) or 5-50 N (e.g., 5-20 N, e.g., 5-15 N, such 5-10 N or 10-15 N). Typically, projections 130 are collectively capable of applying an axial pushing force of at least 3 N, (e.g., at least 6 N, e.g., at least 20 N, e.g., at least 40 N, such as at least 60 N) to tubular frame 30—e.g., without the projection buckling. For example, projections 130 may be collectively capable of applying a pushing force of 3-100 N e.g., 3-30 N (e.g., 6-30 N) or 40-100 N (e.g., 40-80 N or 60-100 N). For clarity, these axial pushing force values are as measured with the projection or projections aligned parallel to axis ax1.

During delivery (i.e., in a delivery state of tool 100 and implant 20), projections 130 are typically disposed within downstream capsule-portion 114. Each projection 130 has a tip-portion (e.g., a free end) 132, and a base-portion 134. Base-portion 134 is disposed deeper into the downstream capsule-portion than is tip-portion 132. Projections 130 are arranged circumferentially around shaft-axis ax2, such that tip-portions 132 are arranged circumferentially around balloon-portion 126 of balloon 120, with the tip-portion of each projection being closer than its corresponding base-portion 134 to tubular frame 30. Typically, in the delivery state, tip-portions 132 abut tubular frame 30 (e.g., a proximal and/or downstream surface thereof). However, projections 130 (e.g., tip-portions 132 thereof) are typically not attached to tubular frame 30. Therefore, after expansion of tubular frame 30 and deflation of balloon 120 (e.g., as described with reference to FIGS. 3A-H), projections 130 can be withdrawn without actively disengaging them from the tubular frame.

Tool 100 is typically configured to facilitate continued application, by projections 130, of the axial pushing force against tubular frame 30 while the tubular frame is being expanded, despite the presence of tapered balloon-portion 126. This feature, and its advantages, are discussed in more detail hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 4A-B, 5A-B, and 6A-B. Once tubular frame 30 and tip-portions 132 are exposed from downstream capsule-portion 114, inflation of balloon 120 both (i) radially expands the tubular frame (e.g., by body balloon-portion 124 pressing radially outward against the tubular frame), and (ii) deflects each of projections 130 radially outward (e.g., by balloon-portion 124 pressing radially outward against the projection).

The apparatus may be configured such that projections 130 deflect simultaneously and/or at the same rate that the tubular frame expands, allowing contact between the projections and the tubular frame to be maintained. For example, tubular frame 30 may define a frame-circumference, the tip-portions may collectively define a projection-circumference, and while the tubular frame and the tip-portions are exposed from the downstream capsule-portion, inflation of balloon 120 may increase the projection-circumference at the same rate as it increases the frame-circumference.

Each projection 130 is therefore sufficiently flexible (e.g., radially flexible) that it is deflected by a radial force F1 applied by the radial expansion of balloon-portion 126. Nonetheless, as described hereinabove, each projection 130 is also typically capable of applying an axial pushing force F2 of at least 0.5 N to tubular frame 30 (e.g., to overcome an axial resistance force F3, of frame 30 against the projections, in the opposite direction of force F2). Forces F1, F2, and F3 are indicated in FIG. 4B.

For some applications of the invention, this configuration is facilitated by each projection 130 being non-isometrically flexible. For example, each projection 130 may have a radial stiffness in its radial plane 136, and a lateral stiffness in its lateral plane 138, the lateral stiffness being greater than (e.g., more than twice as great as) the radial stiffness. For clarity, radial plane 136 is a plane on which the projection and axis ax2 lie, and in which the projection deflects, and lateral plane 138 is typically transverse to the radial plane. Lateral plane 138 may also be tangential to the projection-circumference collectively defined by the tip-portions of projections 130.

For some applications of the invention, outward radial force F1 is of a greater magnitude than axial resistance force F3. It is hypothesized by the inventors that, for at least some such applications of the invention, F1 being greater than F3 facilitates deflection of projections 130 simultaneously with the projections axially pushing tubular frame 30.

For some applications, and as shown, tip-portions 132 are shaped to define a face that has a greater transverse cross-sectional area than parts of projection 130 that are closer to base-portion 134. These faces are visible in FIGS. 2C-D. The difference in transverse cross-sectional area may be understood by comparing the element labeled “130” in the lower cross-section of FIG. 3B, with the element labeled “130, 132” in the upper cross-section of FIG. 3B. It is hypothesized by the inventors that, due to their greater transverse cross-sectional area, these faces facilitate application of the axial pushing force to tubular frame 30.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 3A-H, which are schematic illustrations showing tool 100 being used to deliver implant 20 to a native valve 10 of a heart 4 of a subject, in accordance with some applications of the invention. Although FIGS. 3A-H show a percutaneous transapical approach, it is to be noted that the scope of the present invention includes other percutaneous approaches, such as transatrial, or transluminal (e.g., transfemoral), mutatis mutandis. It is to be noted that the scope of the present invention includes modifications to tool 100 that facilitate these approaches. Although FIGS. 3A-H show valve 10 as being a mitral valve, it is to be noted that the scope of the present invention includes the native valve being a tricuspid valve, an aortic valve, or a pulmonary valve, mutatis mutandis.

While tool 100 and implant 20 are in the delivery state (e.g., with capsule 110 closed, and implant 20 compressed therewithin), tool 100 is transapically advanced into left ventricle 8 (FIG. 3A). For some applications, and as shown, tool 100 is positioned (e.g., facilitated by fluoroscopy) such that capsule-portion 112 is disposed between native leaflets 12 of valve 10. Capsule-portion 114 is then retracted, in a downstream direction, away from capsule-portion 112, exposing (i) at least flanges 42 of implant 20, and (ii) at least tip-portions 132 of projections 130 (FIG. 3B). Flanges 42 automatically deflect radially outward upon becoming exposed. Typically, and as shown in the inset of FIG. 3C, flanges 42 are arranged in array 56 around the outside of tubular frame 30, the array defining inter-flange distance D58. Typically, this step also exposes tubular frame 30 from capsule-portion 114. As described hereinabove, tubular frame 30 typically does not expand upon becoming exposed from capsule-portion 114.

FIG. 3B includes two cross-sections. The upper cross-section is at the level of contact between projections 130 and implant 20, and therefore shows tip-portions 132 of the projections arranged circumferentially around uninflated balloon 120, through which shaft 106 extends. The lower cross-section is further downstream/proximal, closer to base-portions 134 of projections 130. The lower cross-section also shows, for one projection 130, a radial plane 136 and a lateral plane 138. As described hereinabove, radial plane 136 is a plane on which projection 130 and axis ax1 lie, and in which the projection deflects, and lateral plane 138 is typically transverse to the radial plane.

Flanges 42 are subsequently pressed against a downstream surface of native valve 10 by moving implant 20 in an upstream direction (FIG. 3C). This is performed by applying, via projections 130, the axial pushing force described hereinabove. Typically, flanges 42 are pressed against leaflets 12 of the native valve.

As shown in FIG. 3C, for applications in which prosthetic valve 22 comprises upstream support portion 48, this movement of implant 20 includes placing the upstream support portion, constrained by capsule-portion 112, upstream of native valve 10 (i.e., into left atrium 6). For such applications, projections 130 typically facilitate retention of upstream support portion 48 within capsule-portion 112 by obstructing implant 20 from moving axially away from the capsule-portion.

Subsequently, upstream support portion 48 is exposed from capsule-portion 112 and automatically deflects radially outward, e.g., contacting an upstream surface of native valve 10 (FIG. 3D).

While flanges 42 remain in contact with the downstream surface of the native valve, and typically while upstream support portion 48 remains in contact with the upstream surface of the native valve, tubular frame 30 is plastically expanded radially by inflating balloon 120 (FIGS. 3E-F). For some applications, this is performed while continuing to press flanges 42 against the downstream surface using projections 130. As described hereinabove, projections 130 are configured to deflect radially outwardly as tubular frame 30 expands upon inflation of balloon 120, and therefore (i) do not inhibit radial expansion of the balloon, and (ii) facilitate optional continued application of the axial pushing force during inflation of the balloon.

After implant 20 has been implanted and expanded, balloon 120 is deflated, and tool 100 is removed from the subject, typically after closing capsule 110 (FIGS. 3G-H).

Reference is now made to FIGS. 4A-B, 5A-B, and 6A-B, which are schematic illustrations of implant-delivery tools 100, 200, and 300, in accordance with some applications of the invention. In FIGS. 4A-B, 5A-B, and 6A-B, a generic expandable implant 180 is shown being implanted using the respective tool. For some applications, implant 180 may represent tubular frame 30 of implant 20.

FIGS. 4A-B show tool 100 being used with implant 180, e.g., as described hereinabove for implant 20. The states of tool 100 in FIGS. 4A-B generally correspond to the state of tool 100 in FIGS. 2C-D, respectively, except that in FIGS. 4A-B implant 180 is shown. That is, (i) FIG. 4A shows implant 180 disposed around body balloon-portion 124 of balloon 120, with downstream capsule-portion 114 having been withdrawn, and balloon 120 not yet inflated, and (ii) FIG. 4B shows balloon 120 having been inflated. FIGS. 5A-B and 6A-B show the same states (e.g., the same steps of deployment) for tools 200 and 300.

Tool 200 is identical to tool 100, except that it comprises projections 230 instead of projections 130. Projections 230 are identical to projections 130, except that they are more rigid. Projections 330 are identical to projections 130 except that they are shorter, and therefore do not extend over balloon-portion 126 to implant 180. (Projections 330 may be flexible like projections 130 or rigid like projections 230.) As described hereinabove, tool 100 is typically configured to facilitate continued application, by projections 130, of the axial pushing force against tubular frame 30 while the tubular frame is being expanded, despite the presence of tapered balloon-portion 126. The advantage conferred by projections 130 may be illustrated by the following comparison of the results of using tool 200 and/or tool 300, to the result of using tool 100.

As described hereinabove, body balloon-portion 124 is typically cylindrical, and balloon-portions 122 and 126 typically taper away from the body balloon-portion. A balloon of this shape advantageously can withstand a greater inflation pressure than can a similar balloon that is entirely cylindrical (i.e., with flat ends). However, in order to expand implant 180 evenly, the implant is disposed around body balloon-portion 124, which is cylindrical when inflated.

Before inflation of balloon 120, there is no difference between using tool 100 and using tool 200. When balloon 120 of tool 100 is inflated, projections 130 are pushed radially outward by the balloon, allowing downstream balloon-portion 126 (over which the projections are disposed) to assume its conical shape, and body balloon-portion 124 to assume its cylindrical shape, thereby evenly expanding implant 180. When inflated, balloon 120 typically fills the lumen of implant 180 uniformly.

In contrast, when balloon 120 of tool 200 is inflated, projections 130 are not pushed radially outward by the balloon, and instead constrain balloon-portion 126 (over which the projections are disposed) from expanding. Therefore, a downstream region 124 a of body balloon-portion 124 is inhibited from fully inflating and joining the rest of the body balloon-portion in becoming cylindrical. Therefore, the part of implant 180 that is disposed around region 124 a is not expanded to the same degree as other parts of the implant. That is, implant 180 is not expanded evenly.

Projections 330 of tool 300 do not extend over balloon-portion 126 to implant 180, and therefore do not constrain balloon-portion 126 from expanding. However, because they do not reach implant 180, they are unable to serve the function of applying the axial force to the implant in order to correctly position the implant during implantation. Furthermore, in some instances, implant 180 may slip with respect to balloon 120 and become positioned over conical balloon-portion 126 or 122, which, as described hereinabove, may result in uneven expansion of the implant.

Therefore, the particular quality of projections 130 to be both (i) sufficiently rigid to apply the axial force to an implant, and (ii) sufficiently radially flexible to be pushed radially outward by balloon 120, provides tool 100 with the ability to both (i) control the position of an implant, and (ii) to evenly expand the implant.

Reference is made to FIGS. 7A-H and 8A-C, which are schematic illustrations of additional embodiments of implant-delivery tool 100 being used to deliver implant 20 to a native valve 10 of a heart 4 of a subject, in accordance with some applications of the invention. In such embodiments, balloon 120 is configured to be expandable to at least (i) a partially-inflated state and (ii) a further-inflated state. For example, proximal portion 102 of tool 100 (e.g., controller/handle 108) may be configured to inflate balloon 120 to a distinct partially-inflated state, and may be further configured to inflate balloon 120 to a further-inflated state. It is hypothesized by the inventors that regulated inflation of balloon 120, such that the balloon may be maintained in the partially-inflated state, may facilitate some applications of tool 100, as described hereinbelow. Since such embodiments share similarities with those described above in reference to FIGS. 3A-H, the following description will focus upon aspects differentiating between them and the embodiments described hereinabove in reference to FIGS. 3A-H.

Although FIGS. 7A-H and 8A-C show a transapical approach to a native mitral valve, these embodiments of the invention may also be modified as necessary to accommodate alternate approaches to a mitral or other native heart valve, mutatis mutandis. FIG. 7A shows tool advanced while implant 20 is disposed within capsule 110, from which the implant is later exposed. Typically, and as shown in FIG. 7B, flanges 42 deflect automatically radially outward upon exposure from capsule 110, whereas tubular frame 30 typically does not expand upon being partially or entirely exposed from the capsule. Further typically, and as shown, capsule 110 comprises upstream capsule-portion 112 and downstream capsule-portion 114, and flanges 42 are exposed from the capsule by moving the downstream capsule-portion away from the upstream capsule-portion. Further typically, flanges 42 are (i) exposed from the downstream capsule-portion and (ii) arranged in array 56 around the outside of tubular frame 30, before the flanges are pressed against the downstream surface of the native valve 10.

For some applications, it may be desirable to at least partially expand tubular frame and/or array 56 of flanges 42, prior to the flanges contacting the downstream surface of native valve 10. FIG. 7C shows inflation of balloon 120 to the partially-inflated state, before flanges 42 contact the surface of the native valve 10. Inflation of balloon 120 to the partially-inflated state enacts, inter alia, (i) partial radial expansion of tubular frame 30, and/or (ii) partial increasing of inter-flange distance D58 defined by array 56. FIG. 7D shows pressing of flanges 42 against a downstream surface of the native valve 10 by moving implant 20 in an upstream direction, while inter-flange distance D58 remains partially increased. Typically, and as shown, this is achieved by moving the implant in the upstream direction while balloon 120 remains in the partially-inflated state. In this way, partial inflation of balloon 120 may enable flanges to reach further laterally while contacting the downstream surface of native valve 10. It is hypothesized by the inventors that increasing inter-flange distance D58 defined by array 56, before flanges 42 press against the downstream surface, may facilitate capture of the tissue of native valve 10 (e.g., native leaflets 12)—e.g., increasing an amount of the tissue eventually captured between flanges 42 and upstream support portion 48.

Subsequently, upstream support portion 48 is exposed from capsule 110 while flanges 42 remain in contact with the downstream surface (e.g., continue to press against the downstream surface), while inter-flange distance D58 remains partially increased, and typically while balloon 120 remains partially inflated (FIG. 7E). This may be analogous to the step shown in FIG. 3D, but with inter-flange distance D58 partially increased, and balloon 120 typically being partially inflated.

Subsequently, balloon 120 is further inflated to the further-inflated state further radially expanding tubular frame 30 (FIG. 7F). For some applications, this also further increases inter-flange distance D58 by expanding array 56. That is, further inflation of balloon 120 may enable the flanges to reach further laterally than when balloon 120 is in the partially-inflated state.

FIGS. 7G-H show subsequent deflation of balloon 120 and withdrawal of tool 100, e.g., analogous to FIGS. 3G-H, mutatis mutandis.

For some applications, it may be desirable to expose flanges 42 from capsule 110 and/or at least partially expand array 56, while the flanges are disposed upstream of the native valve 10 (e.g., within atrium 6), and to subsequently move the flanges downstream of the native valve (e.g., within ventricle 8) while the flanges remain in this state. FIGS. 8A-C relate to such applications.

FIG. 8A shows exposure of flanges disposed upstream of native valve 10, in accordance with some applications of the invention. Prior to this, tool 100 is typically positioned within the heart such that the flanges are disposed, within capsule 110, upstream of the native valve.

For some applications, and as shown in FIG. 8B, balloon 120 is then inflated to the partially-inflated state, while flanges 42 remain disposed upstream of native valve 10.

Subsequently, tool 100 is moved downstream (proximally, for a transapical approach) until the leaflets are observed (e.g., using fluoroscopy and/or ultrasound) to coapt upstream of flanges 42 (FIG. 8C). It is hypothesized by the inventors that this reduces how far downstream the flanges become disposed while deployed. That is, the position of implant 20 at which the leaflets coapt upstream of the flanges represents the minimal depth into the ventricle that the flanges are required to reach in order to subsequently ensnare the leaflets. This therefore reduces the distance that the deployed flanges must be moved in an upstream direction when subsequently engaging the leaflets. It is hypothesized by the inventors that this reduces the likelihood of inadvertently or prematurely ensnaring tissue such as chordae tendineae, which might otherwise occur if the deployed flanges were deeper within the ventricle, and therefore moved a greater distance, while in their deployed state, upstream through the ventricle. Similar techniques are described, mutatis mutandis, in US 2018/0014932 to Hammer et al. and WO 2016/125160 to Hariton et al. which are incorporated herein by reference.

For some applications in which flanges 42 are exposed upstream of the native valve, balloon 120 is partially inflated only after the exposed flanges are moved downstream of the native valve (embodiment not shown).

There is therefore provided, in accordance with some applications of the invention, method comprising:

advancing, to the heart:

-   -   a distal portion of a delivery tool, the delivery tool         including:         -   a shaft that extends to the distal portion of the delivery             tool,         -   a capsule disposed at the distal portion of the delivery             tool, and         -   a balloon, coupled to the shaft, and     -   an implant disposed within the capsule, and including a tubular         frame and an array of shape-memory flanges arranged around an         outside of the tubular frame, the tubular frame compressed         around the balloon, and the flanges constrained within the         capsule;

subsequently, exposing the flanges from the capsule such that the flanges automatically deflect radially outward away from the tubular frame, and such that the array defines an inter-flange distance;

subsequently, by partially inflating the balloon to a partially-inflated state:

-   -   (i) partially radially expanding the tubular frame, and (ii)         partially increasing the inter-flange distance;

while the balloon remains in the partially-inflated state, pressing the flanges against a downstream surface of the native valve by moving the implant in an upstream direction; and

subsequently, by further inflating the balloon to a further-inflated state, further radially expanding the tubular frame.

There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the invention (e.g., as described in reference to FIGS. 8A-C) a method in which:

exposing the flanges comprises exposing the flanges while the flanges are positioned upstream of the native valve; and

the method further comprises, prior to pressing the flanges against the downstream surface of the native valve, moving the exposed flanges to be downstream of the native valve.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof that are not in the prior art, which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description. 

1. Apparatus for use in a heart of a subject, the apparatus comprising: a tubular frame that circumscribes a longitudinal axis to define a lumen along the longitudinal axis; a valve member, disposed within the lumen and coupled to the tubular frame; an outer frame: disposed radially outward from the tubular frame, comprising a flange, and defining an eyelet; and a pin: defining a shaft and a head, and coupling the outer frame to the tubular frame, wherein: the outer frame is composed of a shape-memory alloy, the tubular frame and the pin are composed of a material that is not the shape-memory alloy, the head is disposed against the outer frame, radially outward from the eyelet, the shaft extends from the head through the eyelet to the tubular frame, and the shaft is welded to the tubular frame.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the outer frame further comprises an upstream support portion, shape-set to extend radially outward from the tubular frame.
 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the flange is shape-set to extend radially outward from the tubular frame.
 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the outer frame further comprises an upstream support portion, upstream support portion is shape-set to extend radially outward from the tubular frame, and the flange is shape-set to extend radially outward from the tubular frame and toward the upstream support portion.
 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the flange has a root-portion and a tip, and extends away from the tubular frame from the root-portion to the tip, the eyelet is defined at the root-portion of the flange, and the head is disposed against the root-portion of the flange, radially outward from the eyelet.
 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the eyelet is an outer eyelet, and wherein the tubular frame defines an inner eyelet, the shaft extending through the inner eyelet.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the shape-memory alloy is nickel titanium.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the material is not a shape-memory material.
 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the material is steel.
 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the material is cobalt chrome.
 11. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein the flange is one of a plurality of flanges, and the outer frame comprises the plurality of flanges, and circumscribes the tubular frame.
 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the eyelet is one of a plurality of eyelets, and the outer frame defines the plurality of eyelets.
 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the flanges of the plurality of flanges are equal in number to the eyelets of the plurality of eyelets.
 14. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the eyelet is one of a plurality of eyelets, and a root-portion of each flange of the plurality of flanges defines a respective eyelet of the plurality of eyelets.
 15. Apparatus for use at a native valve of a heart of a subject, the apparatus comprising: a delivery tool, comprising: a shaft, having a shaft-axis; a capsule, disposed at a distal portion of the tool, and comprising an upstream capsule-portion and a downstream capsule-portion, the capsule being openable by moving the upstream capsule-portion and the downstream capsule-portion apart; and a balloon, coupled to the shaft, and disposed within the capsule; and a prosthetic valve, comprising: a tubular frame that circumscribes a longitudinal axis to define a lumen along the longitudinal axis, compressed around the balloon, and disposed within the capsule; one or more shape-memory flanges, constrained within the downstream capsule-portion; and a shape-memory upstream support portion, constrained within the upstream capsule-portion, wherein: the flanges are configured to automatically deflect radially outward upon exposure from the downstream capsule-portion, the upstream support portion is configured to automatically deflect radially outward upon exposure from the upstream capsule-portion, the tubular frame is configured to remain compressed around the balloon upon exposure of the tubular frame from the capsule, and while the tubular frame is exposed from the capsule, inflation of the balloon plastically expands the tubular frame radially.
 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the prosthetic valve further comprises one or more prosthetic valve leaflets disposed within the lumen and coupled to the tubular frame.
 17. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the tubular frame is disposed within the downstream capsule-portion of the capsule.
 18. The apparatus according to any one of claims 15-17, wherein the tubular frame is composed of a material that is not a shape-memory alloy.
 19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the tubular frame is composed of steel.
 20. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the tubular frame is composed of cobalt chrome.
 21. The apparatus according to any one of claims 15-17, wherein the flanges are composed of a shape-memory alloy.
 22. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the flanges are composed of nickel titanium.
 23. The apparatus according to any one of claims 15-17, wherein the balloon is fixed to the shaft.
 24. The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein both the upstream capsule-portion and the downstream capsule-portion are axially movable with respect to the shaft.
 25. The apparatus according to claim 24, wherein: a first capsule-portion selected from the group consisting of: the upstream capsule-portion and the downstream capsule-portion is attached to a tube, and is axially movable with respect to the shaft by the tube being slid over the shaft, and a second capsule-portion selected from the group is attached to a rod, and is axially movable with respect to the shaft by the rod being slid though the shaft.
 26. The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the upstream capsule-portion is retractable from over the upstream support portion by being moved away from the balloon, and the downstream capsule-portion is retractable from over the flanges by being moved away from the balloon.
 27. The apparatus according to any one of claims 15-17, wherein the delivery tool further comprises one or more elongate projections disposed within the downstream capsule-portion, each of the projections having (i) a tip-portion, and (ii) a base-portion, disposed deeper than the tip-portion into the downstream capsule-portion, the projections arranged circumferentially around the shaft-axis such that the tip-portions are arranged circumferentially around a downstream balloon-portion of the balloon, with the tip-portion of each projection being closer than its corresponding base-portion to the tubular frame.
 28. The apparatus according to claim 27, wherein each of the projections is sufficiently stiff that, when pushed against the tubular frame, it is capable of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 0.5 N.
 29. The apparatus according to claim 27, wherein each of the projections is sufficiently stiff that, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 3 N.
 30. The apparatus according to claim 29, wherein, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 3 N and no more than 100 N.
 31. The apparatus according to claim 30, wherein, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 3 N and no more than 30 N.
 32. The apparatus according to claim 31, wherein, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 6 N and no more than 30 N.
 33. The apparatus according to claim 30, wherein, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 40 N and no more than 100 N.
 34. The apparatus according to claim 33, wherein, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 40 N and no more than 80 N.
 35. The apparatus according to claim 33, wherein, when pushed against the tubular frame, the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 60 N and no more than 100 N.
 36. The apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the tubular frame is disposed within the downstream capsule-portion of the capsule, and wherein the downstream capsule-portion is retractable from over the tubular frame and at least the tip-portions, exposing, from the downstream capsule-portion, the tubular frame and at least the tip-portions.
 37. The apparatus according to claim 36, wherein, while the tubular frame and the tip-portions are exposed from the downstream capsule-portion, inflation of the balloon (i) radially expands the tubular frame, and (ii) deflects each of the projections radially outward within a respective radial plane on which the shaft-axis and the projection lie.
 38. The apparatus according to claim 37, wherein, while the tubular frame and the tip-portions are exposed from the downstream capsule-portion, inflation of the balloon uniformly fills the lumen of the tubular frame.
 39. The apparatus according to claim 37, wherein a widest part of the balloon is disposed within the lumen.
 40. The apparatus according to claim 37, wherein each projection has a radial stiffness in its radial plane, and has a lateral stiffness in a respective lateral plane, the lateral stiffness being greater than the radial stiffness.
 41. The apparatus according to claim 36, wherein: the balloon has an upstream balloon-portion, a downstream balloon-portion, and a body balloon-portion therebetween, the tubular frame is compressed around the body balloon-portion, and while the tubular frame and the tip-portions are exposed from the downstream capsule-portion, inflation of the balloon (i) radially expands the tubular frame by pressing the body balloon-portion radially outward against the tubular frame, and (ii) deflects the projections radially outward by pressing the downstream balloon-portion radially outward against the projections.
 42. The apparatus according to claim 41, wherein the downstream balloon-portion of the balloon extends away from the tubular frame, and is tapered.
 43. The apparatus according to claim 41, wherein the upstream balloon-portion of the balloon extends away from the tubular frame, and is tapered.
 44. The apparatus according to claim 41, wherein the tip-portion of each of the projections abuts the tubular frame, and the apparatus is configured such that the tip-portion of each of the projections remains in contact with the tubular frame as the balloon is inflated.
 45. The apparatus according to claim 41, wherein a downstream end of the tubular frame defines a frame-circumference, the tip-portions define a projection-circumference, and while the tubular frame and the tip-portions are exposed from the downstream capsule-portion, inflation of the balloon increases the projection-circumference at the same rate as the balloon increases the frame-circumference.
 46. The apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the tip-portion of each of the projections abuts the tubular frame.
 47. The apparatus according to claim 46, wherein the projections are not attached to the tubular frame.
 48. Apparatus for delivery of a prosthetic heart valve to an annulus of a native heart valve, the apparatus comprising: a shaft, having a longitudinal shaft-axis; an inflatable balloon, disposed at a distal end of the shaft; and one or more projections extending distally from the shaft, such that the projections are arranged around a proximal portion of the balloon, wherein: inflation of the balloon causes radial expansion of the balloon, the radial expansion of the balloon applying a radial force to each of the projections, and each of the projections is sufficiently radially flexible that the radial force deflects the projections radially outward.
 49. The apparatus according to claim 48, wherein, for each of the projections: the projection defines: a respective radial plane on which the shaft-axis and the projection lie, and within which the projection deflects in response to the radial force, and a respective lateral plane, transverse to the respective radial plane, and on which the projection lies, the projection has a radial stiffness, in its radial plane, and the projection has a lateral stiffness, in its lateral plane, that is greater than the radial stiffness.
 50. The apparatus according to any one of claims 48-49, further comprising a tubular frame at the distal end of the shaft, the tubular frame defining a longitudinal lumen, wherein the balloon is disposed within the lumen.
 51. The apparatus according to claim 50, wherein each of the projections is sufficiently stiff that it is capable of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 0.5 N.
 52. The apparatus according to claim 50, wherein each of the projections is sufficiently stiff that the one or more projections are capable collectively of applying, to the tubular frame, an axial pushing force of at least 3 N.
 53. The apparatus according to claim 50, further comprising one or more prosthetic valve leaflets disposed within the lumen and coupled to the tubular frame.
 54. The apparatus according to claim 50, wherein the balloon: has a longitudinal balloon-axis, collinear with the longitudinal shaft-axis, the balloon-axis extending through the lumen, has (i) a deflated state, and (ii) an inflated state in which the balloon has a widest part, and is positioned with respect to the tubular frame such that the widest part is within the lumen.
 55. The apparatus according to claim 54, wherein the balloon, in its inflated state, uniformly fills the lumen.
 56. The apparatus according to claim 54, wherein in the inflated state of the balloon, the proximal portion of the balloon tapers proximally away from the tubular frame.
 57. The apparatus according to claim 54, wherein the balloon, in its inflated state, has a tapered distal portion that tapers distally away from the tubular frame.
 58. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the widest part of the balloon is disposed longitudinally between the proximal portion and the distal portion.
 59. The apparatus according to claim 50, wherein each of the projections has a tip-portion that abuts a proximal surface of the tubular frame.
 60. The apparatus according to claim 59, wherein the tip-portion of each of the projections is not attached to the tubular frame.
 61. The apparatus according to claim 59, wherein inflation of the balloon simultaneously increases (i) a radial distance between the tip-portion of one of the projections and the tip-portion of an opposite one of the projections, and (ii) a circumference of the tubular frame.
 62. A method for constructing a prosthetic heart valve, the method comprising: from a tube of a shape-memory alloy, cutting an outer frame that comprises a flange and defines an eyelet; from a tube of a material that is not the shape-memory alloy, cutting a tubular frame that circumscribes a longitudinally axis to define a lumen along the longitudinal axis; positioning the outer frame against the tubular frame, radially-outward from the tubular frame; passing a shaft of a pin through the eyelet such that (i) the shaft of the eyelet extends to the tubular frame, and (ii) a head of the pin is disposed against the outer frame radially outward from the eyelet, the pin being composed of the material; welding the shaft to the tubular frame; lining at least part of the lumen with a lining; and securing a plurality of prosthetic leaflets within the lumen.
 63. The method according to claim 62, further comprising shape-setting the flange to extend radially outward.
 64. The method according to claim 62, wherein: cutting the outer frame comprises cutting the outer frame such that the flange has a root-portion and a tip, and defines the eyelet at the root-portion, and passing the shaft of the pin through the eyelet such that the head of the pin is disposed against the outer frame radially outward from the eyelet, comprises passing the shaft of the pin through the eyelet such that the head of the pin is disposed against the root-portion of the flange, radially outward from the eyelet.
 65. The method according to claim 62, wherein: the eyelet is an outer eyelet, and wherein cutting the tubular frame comprises cutting the tubular frame such that the tubular frame defines an inner eyelet, and the step of passing the shaft comprises passing the shaft through the outer eyelet and through the inner eyelet, and welding the shaft to the tubular frame comprises welding the shaft to the tubular frame at the inner eyelet.
 66. The method according to claim 62, wherein the shape-memory alloy is nickel titanium, and wherein cutting the outer frame from the tube of the shape-memory alloy comprises cutting the outer frame from a tube of nickel titanium.
 67. The method according to claim 62, wherein the material is not a shape-memory material, and wherein cutting the tubular frame comprises cutting the tubular frame from the material that is not a shape-memory material.
 68. The method according to claim 62, wherein the material is steel, and wherein cutting the tubular frame from the tube of the material comprises cutting the tubular frame from a tube of steel.
 69. The method according to claim 62, wherein the material is cobalt chrome, and wherein cutting the tubular frame from the tube of the material comprises cutting the tubular frame from a tube of cobalt chrome.
 70. The method according to any one of claims 62-69, wherein cutting the outer frame comprises cutting the outer frame that further comprises an upstream support portion.
 71. The method according to claim 70, further comprising shape-setting the upstream support portion to extend radially outward.
 72. The method according to any one of claims 62-69, wherein: the flange is one of a plurality of flanges, cutting the outer frame comprises cutting the outer frame such that the outer frame defines the plurality of flanges, and positioning the outer frame comprises positioning the outer frame such that the outer frame circumscribes the tubular frame.
 73. The method according to claim 72, wherein the eyelet is one of a plurality of eyelets, and cutting the outer frame comprises cutting the outer frame such that the outer frame defines the plurality of eyelets.
 74. The method according to claim 73, wherein cutting the outer frame comprises cutting the outer frame such that the outer frame has an equal number of flanges and eyelets.
 75. A method for use at a native valve of a heart of a subject, the method comprising: advancing, to the heart, an implant that includes a tubular frame, the tubular frame disposed on a distal portion of a tool, the distal portion of the tool including: a distal end of a shaft, an inflatable balloon, having a body portion that is disposed within the tubular frame, one or more projections extending, from the shaft, distally over at least a proximal portion of the balloon toward the tubular frame, the proximal portion of the balloon being proximal from the body balloon-portion of the balloon; pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame to apply a distal pushing force to the tubular frame; and while maintaining contact between the projections and the tubular frame, inflating the balloon such that: radial expansion of the body balloon-portion radially expands the tubular frame, and radial expansion of the proximal portion deflects the projections radially outward.
 76. The method according to claim 75, wherein pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 3 N to the tubular frame.
 77. The method according to claim 76, wherein pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 3 N and no more than 100 N.
 78. The method according to claim 77, wherein pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 3 N and no more than 30 N.
 79. The method according to claim 78, wherein pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 6 N and no more than 30 N.
 80. The method according to claim 77, wherein pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 40 N and no more than 100 N.
 81. The method according to claim 80, wherein pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 40 N and no more than 80 N.
 82. The method according to claim 80, wherein pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame such that the projections collectively apply a distal pushing force of at least 60 N and no more than 100 N.
 83. The method according to claim 75, wherein: the implant includes one or more self-expanding flanges, the tool distal portion of the tool includes a capsule; advancing the implant comprises advancing the tubular frame while at least the flanges are disposed within, and constrained by, the capsule, the method further comprises, prior to pushing the projections distally, allowing the flanges to self-expand by exposing the flanges from the capsule, and the step of pushing the projections distally against the tubular frame comprises pushing the implant distally such that the flanges press against tissue of the native valve.
 84. The method according to claim 83, wherein advancing the implant comprises advancing the implant while the projections are disposed within the capsule, and wherein exposing the flanges from the capsule comprises retracting the capsule proximally with respect to the implant such that the flanges and the projections become exposed from the capsule.
 85. A method for use at a native valve of a heart of a subject, the method comprising: advancing, to the heart: a distal portion of a delivery tool, the delivery tool including: a shaft that extends to the distal portion of the delivery tool, a capsule disposed at the distal portion of the delivery tool, and including an upstream capsule-portion and a downstream capsule-portion, and a balloon, coupled to the shaft, and disposed at least partly within the capsule, and an implant disposed within the capsule, and including a tubular frame and one or more shape-memory flanges, the tubular frame compressed around the balloon, and the flanges constrained within the downstream capsule-portion; exposing the flanges from the downstream capsule-portion such that the flanges automatically deflect radially outward; subsequently, pressing the flanges against a downstream surface of the native valve by moving the implant in an upstream direction; and while the flanges are in contact with the downstream surface, plastically expanding the tubular frame radially by inflating the balloon.
 86. The method according to claim 85, wherein plastically expanding the tubular frame comprises plastically expanding the tubular frame by radially by inflating the balloon while continuing to press the flanges against the downstream surface.
 87. The method according to claim 85, wherein exposing the flanges from the downstream capsule-portion comprises moving the downstream capsule-portion away from the upstream capsule-portion.
 88. The method according to any one of claims 85-87, wherein advancing the implant comprises advancing the implant while the tubular frame is disposed within the downstream capsule-portion, and the method further comprises exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion.
 89. The method according to claim 88, wherein exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion comprises exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion prior to the step of pressing the flanges.
 90. The method according to claim 88, wherein exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion comprises exposing the tubular frame entirely from the downstream capsule-portion without causing the tubular frame to expand.
 91. The method according to any one of claims 85-87, wherein the implant further includes a shape-memory upstream support portion, constrained within the upstream capsule-portion, and the method further comprises, prior to expanding the tubular frame, exposing the upstream support portion from the upstream capsule-portion such that the upstream support portion automatically deflects radially outward.
 92. The method according to claim 91, wherein moving the implant in the upstream direction comprises moving the implant such that the upstream support portion, constrained within the upstream capsule portion, is disposed upstream of the native valve, and wherein exposing the upstream support portion comprises exposing the upstream support portion such that the upstream support portion automatically deflects radially outwards and contacts an upstream surface of the native valve.
 93. The method according to any one of claims 85-87, wherein: the implant is compressed around a body balloon-portion of the balloon, the tool further includes one or more projections, each of the projections having a base-portion and a tip-portion, the projections extend, from the shaft, over at least a downstream balloon-portion of the balloon toward the tubular frame, such that the tip-portion of each of the projections is closer than its corresponding base-portion to the tubular frame, and pressing the flanges against the downstream surface by moving the implant in the upstream direction comprises pushing the implant in the upstream direction by pushing the tip-portions against the tubular frame.
 94. The method according to claim 93, wherein expanding the tubular frame comprises inflating the balloon such that (i) the body balloon-portion radially expands the tubular frame by pressing radially outward against the tubular frame, and (ii) the downstream balloon-portion deflects the projections radially outward by pressing radially outward against the projections.
 95. The method according to claim 93, wherein advancing the distal portion of the delivery tool comprises advancing the distal portion of the delivery tool while the projections are disposed within the downstream capsule-portion, and wherein the method further comprises, prior to radially expanding the tubular frame, exposing at least the tip-portions of the projections from the downstream capsule-portion.
 96. The method according to claim 95, wherein exposing at least the tip-portions of the projections from the downstream capsule-portion comprises exposing at least the tip-portions of the projections from the downstream capsule-portion prior to pressing the flanges against the downstream surface of the native valve.
 97. A method for use at a native valve of a heart of a subject, the method comprising: advancing, to the heart: a distal portion of a delivery tool, the delivery tool including: a shaft that extends to the distal portion of the delivery tool, a capsule disposed at the distal portion of the delivery tool, and a balloon, coupled to the shaft, and an implant disposed within the capsule, and including a tubular frame and an array of shape-memory flanges arranged around an outside of the tubular frame, the tubular frame compressed around the balloon, and the flanges constrained within the capsule; subsequently, exposing the flanges from the capsule such that the flanges automatically deflect radially outward away from the tubular frame, and such that the array defines an inter-flange distance; subsequently, by partially inflating the balloon to a partially-inflated state: (i) partially radially expanding the tubular frame, and (ii) partially increasing the inter-flange distance; while the balloon remains in the partially-inflated state, pressing the flanges against a downstream surface of the native valve by moving the implant in an upstream direction; and subsequently, by further inflating the balloon to a further-inflated state, further radially expanding the tubular frame.
 98. The method according to claim 97, wherein inflating the balloon to a further-inflated state further comprises increasing the inter-flange distance.
 99. The method according to claim 97-98, wherein: exposing the flanges comprises exposing the flanges while the flanges are positioned upstream of the native valve; and the method further comprises, prior to pressing the flanges against the downstream surface of the native valve, moving the exposed flanges to be downstream of the native valve.
 100. The method according to claim 99, wherein partially inflating the balloon comprises partially inflating the balloon while the flanges are positioned upstream of the native valve.
 101. The method according to any one of claims 97-98, wherein inflating the balloon to the further-inflated state comprises inflating the balloon to the further-inflated state while continuing to press the flanges against the downstream surface.
 102. The method according to any one of claims 97-98, wherein exposing the flanges from the capsule comprises moving a downstream capsule-portion of the capsule away from an upstream capsule-portion of the capsule.
 103. The method according to claim 102, wherein advancing the implant comprises advancing the implant while the tubular frame is disposed within the downstream capsule-portion, and the method further comprises exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion.
 104. The method according to claim 103, wherein exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion comprises exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion prior to pressing the flanges against the downstream surface of the native valve.
 105. The method according to claim 103, wherein exposing the tubular frame from the downstream capsule-portion comprises exposing the tubular frame entirely from the downstream capsule-portion without causing the tubular frame to expand.
 106. The method according to any one of claims 97-98, wherein the implant further includes a shape-memory upstream support portion, constrained within the capsule, and the method further comprises, subsequent to pressing the flanges against a downstream surface of the native valve, exposing the upstream support portion from the capsule such that the upstream support portion automatically deflects radially outward.
 107. The method according to claim 106, wherein exposing the upstream support portion comprises exposing the upstream support portion such that the upstream support portion contacts an upstream surface of the native valve.
 108. The method according to any one of claims 97-98, wherein: advancing the implant disposed within the capsule, the tubular frame compressed around the balloon, comprises advancing the implant disposed within the capsule, the tubular frame compressed around a body balloon-portion of the balloon; the distal portion of the delivery tool includes one or more projections, each of the projections having a base-portion and a tip-portion; advancing the distal portion of the delivery tool comprises advancing the distal portion of the delivery tool while the one or more projections extend, from the shaft, over at least a downstream balloon-portion of the balloon toward the tubular frame, such that the tip-portion of each of the projections is closer than its corresponding base-portion to the tubular frame; and pressing the flanges against the downstream surface by moving the implant in the upstream direction comprises pushing the implant in the upstream direction by pushing the tip-portions against the tubular frame.
 109. The method according to claim 108, wherein inflating the balloon comprises inflating the balloon such that (i) the body balloon-portion radially expands the tubular frame by pressing radially outward against the tubular frame, and (ii) the downstream balloon-portion deflects the projections radially outward by pressing radially outward against the projections.
 110. The method according to claim 108, wherein advancing the distal portion of the delivery tool comprises advancing the distal portion of the delivery tool while the projections are disposed within the capsule, and wherein the method further comprises, prior to partially radially expanding the tubular frame, exposing at least the tip-portions of the projections from the capsule.
 111. Apparatus for delivery of a prosthetic heart valve to an annulus of a native heart valve, the apparatus comprising: a shaft, having a longitudinal shaft-axis; a capsule, disposed at a distal portion of the shaft; a balloon, coupled to the shaft, and disposed within the capsule; one or more projections extending distally from the shaft, such that the projections are arranged around a proximal portion of the balloon; and a prosthetic valve, comprising a tubular frame, compressed around the balloon, and disposed within the capsule; wherein: the tubular frame is configured to remain compressed around the balloon upon exposure of the tubular frame from the capsule, such that: inflation of the balloon to a partially-inflated state partially radially expands the tubular frame, and inflation of the balloon to a further-inflated state further radially expands the tubular frame; inflation of the balloon applies a radial force to each of the projections; and each of the projections is: sufficiently radially flexible that the radial force deflects the projections radially outward, sufficiently rigid to axially push the tubular frame while: the balloon is in the partially-inflated state within the tubular frame, and the projections are radially outwardly deflected by the balloon in the partially-inflated state. 